Applied linguistics

Is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, anthropology, and sociology.

Linguistic
The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics.

What is a discourse?

A discourse is an instance of language use whose type can be classified on the basis of such factors as grammatical and lexical choices and their distribution in
• main versus supportive materials
• theme
• style, and
• the framework of knowledge and expectations within which the addressee interprets the discourse

What is a compound discourse?

A compound discourse is a discourse that contains sections belonging to two or more kinds of discourse.

What is expository discourse?

Expository discourse is a discourse that explains or describes a topic.

It does not primarily present contingent events or focus on a performer of actions, but rather tends to present the following kinds of propositions:

• Existential
• Stative
• Equative

What is hortatory discourse?

Hortatory discourse is a discourse that is an attempt to persuade the addressee to fulfill commands that are given in the discourse.
Discussion

A hortatory discourse typically consists of
• one or more commands that are logically related to each other, and
• expressions offering motivation in support of the respective commands.

What is a narrative discourse?

A narrative discourse is a discourse that is an account of events, usually in the past, that employs verbs of speech, motion, and action to describe a series of events that are contingent one on another, and that typically focuses on one or more performers of actions.

What is a procedural discourse?

A procedural discourse is a discourse that
• is used to tell the addressee how to do something
• presents a series of steps leading to a goal, and
• centers on events that are contingent one on another, rather than focusing on the performer of the events.
What is a repartee discourse?
Repartee discourse is a discourse that is used to recount a series of speech exchanges.

Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies.
Is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken or signed language use.
The objects of discourse analysis—discourse, writing, talk, conversation, communicative event, etc.—are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech acts or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use 'beyond the sentence boundary', but also prefer to analyze 'naturally occurring' language use, and not invented examples.
Discourse analysis has been taken up in a variety of social science disciplines, including linguistics, anthropology, sociology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, international relations and communication studies, each of which is subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse, which views "language as a form of social practice" (Fairclough 1989: 20) and focuses on the ways social and political domination is reproduced by text and talk. Critical discourse analysis is founded on the idea that there is unequal access to linguistic and social resources, resources that are controlled institutionally. The patterns of access to discourse and communicative events are one essential element for CDA.

Analysis of the speech in the English language
Terminology
Linguistics
Difference between linguistics and applied linguistics
Analysis of the speech and its relationship with linguistics
Pragmatic English